Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 28
Filter
1.
ARS med. (Santiago, En línea) ; 47(4): 112-115, dic. 26, 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1451786

ABSTRACT

Cuando supimos la noticia y después, mientras nos enterábamos de los primeros casos fuera de China, y luego los alarmantes reportes desde Europa y USA, nunca imaginamos la magnitud que tendría la actual pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2 en nuestro país y a nivel mundial, en nuestros hospitales, y en nuestras vidas (Huang et al., 2020). Como nunca, nos enfrentábamos a un enemigo agresivo y letal, aún desconocido en su comportamiento, y del que también podíamos ser víctimas al estar en la primera línea de la defensa.

2.
Rev. med. Chile ; 150(7): 958-965, jul. 2022. tab, ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1424148

ABSTRACT

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile, in March 2020, a projection indicated that a significant group of patients with pneumonia would require admission to an Intensive Care Unit and connection to a mechanical ventilator. Therefore, a paucity of these devices and other supplies was predicted. The initiative "Un respiro para Chile" brought together many people and institutions, public and private. In the course of three months, it allowed the design and building of several ventilatory assistance devices, which could be used in critically ill patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pandemics , COVID-19 , Respiration, Artificial , Ventilators, Mechanical , Chile/epidemiology , Intensive Care Units
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(6): 864-872, jun. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389539

ABSTRACT

Background: The appropriate use of analgesia, sedation, neuromuscular blockade and the diagnosis and prevention of delirium (ASBD) are associated with better outcomes in critically ill patients at Intensive Care Unit (ICUs). Aim: To know the practices about analgesia, sedation, delirium, and neuromuscular blockade use among healthcare professionals working in adult ICUs in Chile. Material and Methods: An electronic survey was sent to 812 professionals working in ICUs using a previously published instrument, which was adapted and authorized by the author. Results: We received 278 surveys. Fifty two percent of respondents were physicians, 34% nurses and 11% physical therapists. Their age ranged between 30 and 39 years in 43% and was over 50 years in 9%. Eighty four percent evaluated pain routinely, but only 26% use a validated scale. Sedation was routinely evaluated with a validated scale and 73% referred to have a protocol. Neuromuscular block is seldom used, and little monitoring occurs (43%). Delirium is routinely evaluated by 48% of respondents, usually using the CAM-ICU scale. Conclusions: There is a heterogeneous adherence to the ASBD recommended practices. The main gaps are in the assessment of pain, monitoring of neuromuscular blockade and diagnosis of delirium through validated instruments.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Neuromuscular Blockade/adverse effects , Delirium/diagnosis , Delirium/prevention & control , Analgesia , Pain , Chile , Critical Care , Hypnotics and Sedatives , Intensive Care Units
5.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 29(2): 231-237, abr.-jun. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-899501

ABSTRACT

RESUMO A distensão excessiva e o recrutamento alveolar pelo volume corrente foram defendidos como os principais mecanismos físicos responsáveis pela lesão pulmonar induzida pelo ventilador. A limitação do volume corrente demonstrou benefícios quanto à sobrevivência em pacientes com síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda e é reconhecida como a pedra fundamental da ventilação protetora. Em contraste, o uso de elevados níveis de pressão positiva expiratória final em estudos clínicos gerou resultados conflitantes e ainda é um assunto controvertido. Nesta revisão, discutimos os benefícios e as limitações da abordagem de pulmão aberto, e debatemos alguns recentes estudos experimentais e clínicos, referentes ao uso de níveis baixos e moderados de pressão positiva expiratória final. Também distinguimos o estiramento dinâmico (volume corrente) do estático (pressão expiratória final positiva e pressão média nas vias aéreas) e discutimos seus papéis na indução da lesão pulmonar induzida pela ventilação. As estratégias com elevada pressão positiva expiratória final claramente diminuem a hipoxemia refratária em pacientes com síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda, porém também aumentam o estiramento estático, que, por sua vez, pode ser lesiva aos pacientes, especialmente para aqueles com nível mais baixo de recrutabilidade pulmonar. Em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória grave, recomenda-se a titulação da pressão positiva expiratória final contra a gravidade da hipoxemia, ou sua aplicação de uma forma decrescente após manobra de recrutamento. Caso sejam observadas elevadas pressões de platô, driving pressure ou pressão média nas vias aéreas, a posição prona ou ventilação ultraprotetora podem ser indicadas para melhora da oxigenação, sem estresse adicional e estiramento dos pulmões.


ABSTRACT Overdistention and intratidal alveolar recruitment have been advocated as the main physical mechanisms responsible for ventilator-induced lung injury. Limiting tidal volume has a demonstrated survival benefit in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and is recognized as the cornerstone of protective ventilation. In contrast, the use of high positive end-expiratory pressure levels in clinical trials has yielded conflicting results and remains controversial. In the present review, we will discuss the benefits and limitations of the open lung approach and will discuss some recent experimental and clinical trials on the use of high versus low/moderate positive end-expiratory pressure levels. We will also distinguish dynamic (tidal volume) from static strain (positive end-expiratory pressure and mean airway pressure) and will discuss their roles in inducing ventilator-induced lung injury. High positive end-expiratory pressure strategies clearly decrease refractory hypoxemia in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, but they also increase static strain, which in turn may harm patients, especially those with lower levels of lung recruitability. In patients with severe respiratory failure, titrating positive end-expiratory pressure against the severity of hypoxemia, or providing it in a decremental fashion after a recruitment maneuver, is recommended. If high plateau, driving or mean airway pressures are observed, prone positioning or ultraprotective ventilation may be indicated to improve oxygenation without additional stress and strain in the lung.


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury/prevention & control , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Tidal Volume , Prone Position , Hypoxia/therapy
6.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 28(2): 190-194, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-787741

ABSTRACT

RESUMO A síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus tem elevada taxa de mortalidade. Sugere-se que uma conexão precoce com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea melhore os resultados. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente que apresentou síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus e choque refratário, que preenchia os critérios para oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea e que teve resposta satisfatória com uso de hemofiltração contínua de alto volume. A implantação de hemofiltração contínua de alto volume, juntamente da ventilação protetora, reverteu o choque dentro de poucas horas e pode ter levado à recuperação. Em pacientes com síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus, um curso rápido de hemofiltração contínua de alto volume pode ajudar a diferenciar pacientes que podem ser tratados com cuidados convencionais da unidade de terapia intensiva dos que necessitarão de terapias mais complexas, como oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea.


ABSTRACT Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome has a high mortality rate, and early connection to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been suggested to improve outcomes. We report the case of a patient with demonstrated Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and refractory shock who fulfilled the criteria for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and responded successfully to high volume continuous hemofiltration. The implementation of high volume continuous hemofiltration along with protective ventilation reversed the shock within a few hours and may have prompted recovery. In patients with Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, a short course of high volume continuous hemofiltration may help differentiate patients who can be treated with conventional intensive care unit management from those who will require more complex therapies, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Hemofiltration/methods , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/therapy , Treatment Outcome , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/physiopathology
7.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 27(1): 72-76, Jan-Mar/2015. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-744686

ABSTRACT

Os tópicos mais importantes na falência hepática fulminante são o edema cerebral e a hipertensão intracraniana. Dentre todas as opções terapêuticas, tem sido relatado que a hipotermia sistêmica induzida em níveis entre 33 - 34ºC reduz a elevação da pressão e aumenta o tempo durante o qual os pacientes podem tolerar um enxerto. Esta revisão discutiu as indicações e os efeitos adversos da hipotermia.


The most important topics in fulminant hepatic failure are cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension. Among all therapeutic options, systemic induced hypothermia to 33 - 34ºC has been reported to reduce the high pressure and increase the time during which patients can tolerate a graft. This review discusses the indications and adverse effects of hypothermia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Liver Transplantation/methods , Liver Failure, Acute/therapy , Hypothermia, Induced/methods , Brain Edema/etiology , Brain Edema/prevention & control , Liver Failure, Acute/complications , Intracranial Hypertension/etiology , Intracranial Hypertension/prevention & control
8.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 142(12): 1584-1593, dic. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-734865

ABSTRACT

Solid organ transplantation is limited by donor availability. The loss of brain function produces hemodynamic, respiratory, hormonal and metabolic changes that lead to hypotension and organ dysfunction. Management of a potential donor is similar to any critically ill patient. Cardiovascular stability and protective ventilatory support must be pursued, aimed at minimizing the local and systemic inflammatory response that is triggered by brain death. There is no consensus on protocols for hormonal supplementation. The administration of vasopressin analogues and steroids may be beneficial under certain conditions. Appropriate medical management helps to optimize the function of different organs prior to transplantation. This may increase the number of harvested organs and improve their functional outcome in the recipient.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tissue Donors , Tissue and Organ Harvesting/methods , Tissue and Organ Procurement , Brain Death/physiopathology , Organ Preservation/methods , Organ Transplantation/methods , Respiration, Artificial , Terminal Care/methods
9.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 25(3): 188-196, Jul-Sep/2013. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-690285

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A sedação profunda em pacientes gravemente enfermos se associa a uma maior duração da ventilação mecânica e à permanência mais longa na unidade de terapia intensiva. Diversos protocolos foram utilizados para melhorar esses desfechos. Implantamos e avaliamos um protocolo de sedação baseado em analgesia, direcionado por objetivos e cuidado por enfermeiros, em pacientes gravemente enfermos submetidos à ventilação mecânica. MÉTODOS: Realizamos um estudo multicêntrico prospectivo em duas fases (antes e depois), que envolveu 13 unidades de terapia intensiva localizadas no Chile. Após uma fase observacional (grupo observacional, N=155), delineamos, implantamos e avaliamos um protocolo de sedação cuidado por enfermeiros, direcionado por objetivos (grupo de intervenção, N=132) para tratar pacientes que necessitaram de ventilação mecânica por mais do que 48 horas. O parâmetro primário de avaliação foi a obtenção de dias livres de ventilador até o dia 28. RESULTADOS: No grupo de intervenção, a proporção de pacientes com sedação profunda ou coma diminuiu de 55,2 para 44,0%. A incidência de agitação não se alterou entre os períodos, permanecendo em cerca de 7%. Dias livres de ventilador até o dia 28, permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e mortalidade foram similares em ambos os grupos. Após 1 ano, a presença de sintomas de desordem de estresse pós-traumático nos sobreviventes foi similar entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Delineamos e implantamos no Chile um protocolo de sedação baseado em analgesia, direcionado por objetivos e cuidado por enfermeiros. Embora não se tenha observado melhora nos principais desfechos, observamos que o presente protocolo foi ...


INTRODUCTION: Deep sedation in critically ill patients is associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and a prolonged length of stay in the intensive care unit. Several protocols have been used to improve these outcomes. We implement and evaluate an analgesia-based, goal-directed, nurse-driven sedation protocol used to treat critically ill patients who receive mechanical ventilation. METHODS: We performed a prospective, two-phase (before-after), non-randomized multicenter study that involved 13 intensive care units in Chile. After an observational phase (observational group, n=155), we designed, implemented and evaluated an analgesia-based, goal-directed, nurse-driven sedation protocol (intervention group, n=132) to treat patients who required mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. The primary outcome was to achieve ventilator-free days by day 28. RESULTS: The proportion of patients in deep sedation or in a coma decreased from 55.2% to 44.0% in the interventional group. Agitation did not change between the periods and remained approximately 7%. Ventilator-free days to day 28, length of stay in the intensive care unit and mortality were similar in both groups. At one year, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in survivors were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: We designed and implemented an analgesia-based, goal-directed, nurse-driven sedation protocol in Chile. Although there was no improvement in major outcomes, we observed that the present protocol was safe and feasible and that it resulted in decreased periods of deep sedation without increasing agitation. .


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Analgesia/methods , Clinical Protocols , Deep Sedation , Respiration, Artificial , Critical Illness , Deep Sedation/adverse effects , Feasibility Studies , Prospective Studies
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 140(11): 1425-1430, nov. 2012. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-674008

ABSTRACT

Background: In patients with an artificial airway, inspired gases can be humidified and heated using a passive (heat and moisture exchange filter - HMEF), or an active system (heated humidifier). Aim: To assess how humidification is carried out and what is the usual clinical practice in this field in Chilean intensive care units (ICUs). Material and Methods: A specific survey to evaluate humidification system features as well as caregivers' preferences regarding humidification systems, was carried out on the same day in all Chilean ICUs. Results: Fifty-five ICUs were contacted and 44 of them completed the survey. From a total of 367 patients, 254 (69%) required humidification because they were breathing through an artificial airway. A heated humidifier was employed only in 12 patients (5%). Forty-three ICUs (98%) used HMEF as their routine humidification system. In 52% of surveyed ICUs, heated humidifiers were not available. Conclusions: In Chile the main method to humidify and heat inspired gases in patients with an artificial airway is the HMEF. Although there are clear indications for the use of heated humidifiers, they are seldom employed.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Airway Management/methods , Humidity , Intensive Care Units , Chile , Intubation, Intratracheal , Nebulizers and Vaporizers , Respiration, Artificial
11.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 24(1): 43-51, jan.-mar. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-624892

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da pressão expiratória final positiva no estiramento, recrutamento e recrutamento e desrecrutamento cíclico avaliados por tomografia computadorizada pulmonar em pacientes com lesão pulmonar aguda/síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo aberto, controlado, não randomizado, de intervenção, em pacientes com lesão pulmonar aguda/síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. Foram realizados cortes simples de tomografia computadorizada durante pausas inspiratórias e expiratórias com um volume corrente de 6 ml/kg e níveis de pressão expiratória final positiva de 5, 10, 15 e 20 cmH2O. Medimos as densidades do parênquima pulmonar em unidades Hounsfield e calculamos o recrutamento, recrutamento e desrecrutamento cíclico induzidos pela pressão expiratória final positiva, assim como o estiramento. RESULTADOS: O aumento dos níveis de pressão expiratória final positiva aumenta de forma consistente o recrutamento e o estiramento globais (p<0,01), o que se correlacionou de forma significante com a pressão de platô (r²=0,97; p<0,01). O aumento dos níveis de pressão expiratória final positiva aumentou sistematicamente a distensão alveolar em todo o eixo esternovertebral. CONCLUSÃO: A distensão alveolar é um efeito adverso da pressão expiratória final positiva que deve ser ponderado em qualquer paciente em relação ao seus potenciais benefícios no recrutamento. Em razão do número reduzido de pacientes, estes dados devem ser considerados como geradores de hipótese e não limitar a aplicação de valores elevados de pressão expiratória final positiva em pacientes com hipoxemia grave.


OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on recruitment, cyclic recruitment and derecruitment and strain in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome using lung computed tomography. METHODS: This is an open, controlled, non-randomized interventional study of ten patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Using computed tomography, single, basal slices of the lung were obtained during inspiratory and expiratory pauses at a tidal volume of 6 ml/kg and a positive end-expiratory pressure of 5, 10, 15 and 20 cmH2O. The densities of the lung parenchyma were measured in Hounsfield units. The values for positive end-expiratory pressure-induced recruitment, cyclic recruitment and derecruitment and strain were then calculated. RESULTS: Increasing levels of positive end-expiratory pressure were correlated with increased recruitment and global strain (p < 0.01), which was significantly correlated with plateau pressure (r² = 0.97, p < 0.01). In addition, increasing levels of positive end-expiratory pressure systematically increased strain along the sternovertebral axis. CONCLUSION: While strain is an adverse effect of positive end-expiratory pressure, the decision use positive end-expiratory pressure with any patient should be balanced against the potential benefits of recruitment. Due to the small number of patients in this study, the present data should be treated as hypothesis generating and is not intended to limit the clinical application of a high level of positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with severe hypoxemia.

20.
Rev. chil. med. intensiv ; 19(1): 7-12, 2004. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-396320

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: Desarrollar un modelo porcino experimental de hipertensión intra-abdominal. Estudiar los efectos de la hipertensión intra-abdominal sobre la macro-hemodinamia, parámetros ventilatorios y perfusión esplácnica. Métodos: Se sometió a anestesia y ventilación mecánica a un grupo de 5 cerdos machos. Se realizó monitorización hemodinámica invasiva. Se sometió a los animales a una laparotomía para cateterizar la vena porta e instalar un tonómetro intrayeyunal, y se elevó la presión intra-abdominal a 15 mmHg infundiendo manitol 7,5 por ciento a la cavidad abdominal. Una hora después se volvieron a realizar mediciones y posteriormente se realizaron incrementos sucesivos de la presión intra-abdominal a niveles de 25 y 35 mmHg. Resultados: La hipertensión intra-abdominal produjo una disminución del gasto cardíaco (p <0,001) con aumento de la presión venosa central (p <0,001) y la presión de oclusión en la arteria pulmonar (p=0,073). Existió un incremento significativo en las presiones pico y meseta de la vía aérea, asociado a una reducción de la distensibilidad toraco-pulmonar (p <0,001). De los parámetros de perfusión regional el pH intramucoso fue el más precoz y sensible en detectar hipoperfusión esplácnica(p=0,04). El lactato arterial y venoso portal no tuvieron una buena correlación con el aumento de la presión intra-abdominal(p=NS). Conclusiones: El modelo presenta cambios hemodinámicos, ventilatorios y de perfusión esplácnica reproducibles que son concordantes con los observados en el SCA y constituye un instrumento valioso para futuros estudios de intervención terapéutica.


Subject(s)
Animals , Abdominal Cavity/surgery , Abdominal Cavity/blood supply , Hypertension , Models, Animal , Central Venous Pressure , Hypertension, Pulmonary , Reproducibility of Results , Swine
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL